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At GDS, weve had a busy few weeks helping our clients manage the risk associated with CVE 2. S2 0. 45, a recently published Apache Struts server side template injection vulnerability. As we began this work, I found myself curious about the conditions that lead to this vulnerability in the Struts library code. We often hear about the exploitation of these types of vulnerabilities, but less about the vulnerable code that leads to them. This post is the culmination of research I have done into this very topic. What I present here is a detailed code analysis of the vulnerability, as well as payloads seen in the wild and a discussion on why some work while others dont. Cuando desarrollamos aplicaciones web es importante que estas puedan ser creadas de forma rpida y eficiente. Hoy en da existen muchos frameworks, los cuales nos. Struts 2.0 11 Jar' title='Struts 2.0 11 Jar' />Struts. Struts. xmlclasses WEBINF. Offers a set of open source Java solutions under an open software license. Jakarta is organized into subprojects. I also present a working payload for S2 0. I conclude with a couple of takeaways I had from this research. Cracks Brush Psd. For those unfamiliar with the concept of SSTI server side template injection, its a classic example of an injection attack. A template engine parses what is intended to be template code, but somewhere along the way ends up parsing user input. The result is typically code execution in whatever form the template engine allows. For many popular template engines, such as Freemarker, Smarty, Velocity, Jade, and others, remote code execution outside of the engine is often possible i. For cases like Struts, simple templating functionality is provided using an expression language such as Object Graph Navigation Language OGNL. As is the case for OGNL, it is often possible to obtain remote code execution outside of an expression engine as well. Many of these libraries do offer mechanisms to help mitigate remote code execution, such as sandboxing, but they tend to be disabled by default or trivial to bypass. From a code perspective, the simplest condition for SSTI to exist in an application is to have user input passed into a function that parses template code. Losing track of what functions handle values tainted with user input is an easy way to accidentally introduce all kinds of injection vulnerabilities into an application. To uncover a vulnerability like this, the call stack and any tainted data flow must be carefully traced and analyzed. This was the case to fully understand how CVE 2. The official CVE description reads The Jakarta Multipart parser in Apache Struts 2 2. Content Type HTTP header, as exploited in the wild in March 2. This left me with the impression that the vulnerable code existed in the Jakarta Multipart parser and that it was triggered by a cmd string in the Content Type HTTP header. Using Struts 2. 5. To truly grasp how the vulnerability works, I needed to do a full analysis of relevant code in the library. Beginning With A Tainted Exception Message. An exception thrown, caught, and logged when this vulnerability is exploited reveals a lot about how this vulnerability works. As we can see in the following reproduction, which results in remote code execution, an exception is thrown and logged in the parse. Request method in the Apache commons upload library. This is because the content type of the request didnt match an expected valid string. We also notice that the exception message thrown by this library includes the invalid content type header supplied in the HTTP request. This in effect taints the exception message with user input. Reproduction Request POST struts. Upload. action HTTP1. Host localhost 8. User Agent Mozilla5. Macintosh Intel Mac OS X 1. Gecko2. 01. 00. 10. Firefox5. 2. 0. Accept texthtml,applicationxhtmlxml,applicationxml q0. Accept Language en US,en q0. Accept Encoding gzip, deflate. Content Type multipartform data. DEFAULTMEMBERACCESS. Accessmember. Accessdm containercontextcom. Action. Context. container. Utilcontainer. get. Instanceemail protected. Util. get. Excluded. Package. Names. Util. Excluded. Classes. Member. Accessdm. Lower. Case. containswin. Process. Buildercmds. Error. Streamtrue. Output. Stream. email protectedprocess. Input. Stream,ros. Content Length 0. Reproduction Response HTTP1. OK. Set Cookie JSESSIONID1. Pathstruts. 2 showcase. Expires Thu, 0. 1 Jan 1. GMT. Server Jetty8. Content Length 1. Logged Exception 2. WARN qtp. 37. 34. Jakarta. Multi. Part. Request Jakarta. Multi. Part. Request. Request exceeded size limit File. Upload. BaseInvalid. Content. Type. Exception the request doesnt contain a multipartform data or multipartmixed stream, content type header is multipartform data. DEFAULTMEMBERACCESS. Accessmember. Accessdm containercontextcom. Action. Context. container. Utilcontainer. get. Instanceemail protected. Util. get. Excluded. Package. Names. Util. Excluded. Classes. Member. Accessdm. Lower. Case. containswin. Input. Stream,ros. File. Upload. BaseFile. Item. Iterator. Impl. File. Upload. Base. File. Upload. Base. Item. IteratorFile. Upload. Base. java 3. File. Upload. Base. RequestFile. Upload. Base. java 3. 34 commons fileupload 1. Jakarta. Multi. Part. Request. parse. RequestJakarta. Multi. Part. Request. Jakarta. Multi. Part. Request. process. UploadJakarta. Multi. Part. Request. java 9. Jakarta. Multi. Part. Request. parseJakarta. Multi. Part. Request. Multi. Part. Request. Wrapper. Multi. Part. Request. Wrapper. Dispatcher. wrap. RequestDispatcher. The caller responsible for invoking the parse. Request method that generates the exception is in a class named Jakarta. Multi. Part. Request. This class acts as a wrapper around the Apache commons fileupload library, defining a method named process. Upload that calls its own version of the parse. Request method on line 9. This method creates a new Servlet. File. Upload object on line 1. Request method on line 1. Jakarta. Multi. Part. Request. java. 9. UploadHttp. Servlet. Request request,String save. Dir throws File. Upload. Exception, Unsupported. Encoding. Exception 9. File. Item item parse. Requestrequest, save. Dir9. 2 LOG. Found file item, item. Field. Name 9. Form. Field9. Normal. Form. Fielditem, request. Character. Encoding 9. File. Fielditem 9. Listlt File. Item parse. RequestHttp. Servlet. Request servlet. Request,String save. Dir throws File. Upload. Exception 1. Disk. File. Item. Factory fac create. Disk. File. Item. Factorysave. Dir 1. Servlet. File. Upload upload create. Servlet. File. Uploadfac 1. Requestcreate. Request. Contextservlet. Request 1. Servlet. File. Upload create. Servlet. File. UploadDisk. File. Item. Factory fac1. Servlet. File. Upload upload new Servlet. File. Uploadfac 1. Size. Maxmax. Size 1. Looking at the stacktrace, we can see that the process. Upload method is called by Jakarta. Multi. Part. Requests parse method on line 6. Any thrown exceptions from calling this method are caught on line 6. Error. Message. Several paths exist for calling this method depending on the class of the exception thrown, but the result is always that this method is called. In this case the build. Error. Message method is called on line 7. Jakarta. Multi. Part.