Scandinavian Scotland Wikipedia. Scandinavian Scotland refers to the period from the 8th to the 1. Vikings and Norse settlers, mainly Norwegians and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians, and their descendents colonised parts of what is now the periphery of modern Scotland. Viking influence in the area commenced in the late 8th century, and hostility between the Scandinavian Earls of Orkney and the emerging thalassocracy of the Kingdom of the Isles, the rulers of Ireland, Dl Riata and Alba, and intervention by the crown of Norway were recurring themes. Scandinavian held territories included the Northern Isles of Orkney and Shetland, the Hebrides, the islands of the Firth of Clyde and associated mainland territories including Caithness and Sutherland. The historical record from Scottish sources is weak, with the Irish annals and the later Norse sagas, of which the Orkneyinga Saga is the principal source of information, sometimes contradictory although modern archaeology is beginning to provide a broader picture of life during this period. There are various competing theories that have addressed the early colonisation process, although it is clear that the Northern Isles were the first to be conquered by Vikings and the last to be relinquished by the Norwegian crown. Thorfinn Sigurdssons rule in the 1. Scotland and this may have been the zenith of Scandinavian influence. Methods That Allow Drm Mobipocket Ebooks To Work On Kindle on this page. The obliteration of pre Norse names in the Hebrides and Northern Isles, and their replacement with Norse ones was almost total although the emergence of alliances with the native Gaelic speakers produced a powerful Norse Gael culture that had wide influence in Argyll, Galloway and beyond. Scottish influence increased from the 1. In 1. 23. 1, an unbroken line of Norse earls of Orkney ended and the title was since held by Scottish nobles. An ill fated expedition by Haakon Haakonarson later in that century led to the relinquishing of the islands of the west to the Scottish Crown and in the mid 1. Orkney and Shetland were also transferred to Scottish rule. The negative view of Viking activities held in popular imagination notwithstanding,1 Norse expansion may have been a factor in the emergence of the Gaelic kingdom of Alba, the forerunner of modern Scotland, and the trading, political, cultural and religious achievements of the later periods of Norse rule were significant. SourceseditContemporary documentation of this period of Scottish history is very weak. The presence of the monastery on Iona led to this part of Scotland being relatively well recorded from the mid 6th to the mid 9th century. But from 8. 49 on, when Columbas relics were removed in the face of Viking incursions, written evidence from local sources all but vanishes for three hundred years. The sources for information about the Hebrides and much of northern Scotland from the 8th to the 1. Irish, English or Norse. The main Norse text is the Orkneyinga Saga, which was written in the early 1. Icelander. The English and Irish sources are more contemporary, but may have led to a southern bias in the story, especially as much of the Hebridean archipelago became Norse speaking during this period. Dates should therefore be regarded as approximate throughout. The archaeological record for this period is relatively scant,4 although improving. Toponymy provides significant information about the Scandinavian presence and examples of Norse runes provide further useful evidence. There is a significant corpus of material from the Gaelic oral tradition that relates to this period, but its value is questionable. Language and personal names provide some difficulties. The former is an important indicator of culture but there is very little direct evidence for its use in specific circumstances during the period under consideration. Pictish, Middle Irish and Old Norse would certainly have been spoken and Woolf 2. As a result, single individuals often appear in sources under a variety of different names. GeographyeditThe Northern Isles, known to the Norse as the Norreyjar, are the closest parts of the United Kingdom to Norway and these islands experienced the first and most long lasting Norse influence of any part of Scotland. Shetland is some 3. Norway89 and in favourable conditions could be reached in 2. Settlers Iii Mac Download' title='Settlers Iii Mac Download' />Hordaland in a Viking longship. Orkney is 8. 0 kilometres 5. Were always testing things by adding or removing features to make Spotify better overall, Spotify customer support told a forum user, per Mac Rumors. GamersGate is the leading digital distribution platform for PC and Mac games creating easily accessible gaming experiences for gamers worldwide anytime, anywhere. Some 1. 6 kilometres 1. Orkney is the Scottish mainland. The two most northerly provinces of mainland Scotland, Caithness and Sutherland, fell under Norse control at an early date. South of there the entire western seaboard of mainland Scotland from Wester Ross to Kintyre was also subject to significant Scandinavian influence. The Sureyjar, or Southern Isles include The Hebrides or Western Isles comprising Note 1The islands of the Firth of Clyde some 1. Bute and Arran. 1. Settlers Iii Mac Download' title='Settlers Iii Mac Download' />The Isle of Man, located in the Irish Sea equidistantly from modern England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales1. The total distance from the southern tip of the Isle of Man to the Butt of Lewis, the northern extremity of the Outer Hebrides, is approximately 5. This entire region became dominated by Norse culture for much of the period under consideration. For example, it is likely that the Norse language became as dominant throughout the Inner Hebrides as it did on Lewis during the 1. There was also significant direct Norse influence exerted in Galloway in south west Scotland1. Treaty of Perth, Norwegian and Danish foreign policy and the activities of independent or semi independent Norse rulers of the above parts of Scandinavian dominated Scotland had a powerful influence on the affairs of Scotland as a whole. Colonisation processeditScholarly interpretations of the period have led to widely divergent reconstructions of Viking Age Scotland2. Barrett 2. 00. 8 has identified four competing theories, none of which he regards as proven. The traditional explanation is the earldom hypothesis. This assumes a period of Norse expansion into the Northern Isles and the creation of an aristocratic dynasty that lasted well into the Medieval period, which exerted considerable influence in western Scotland and Mann into the 1. This version of events is essentially as told by the Norse sagas and is supported by some archaeological evidence although it has been criticised for exaggerating Orcadian influence in the Sureyar. The second of these theories is the genocide hypothesis, which asserts that the aboriginal populations of the Northern and Western Isles were eradicated and replaced wholesale with settlers of Scandinavian stock. The strength of this argument is the almost total replacement of pre existing place names by those of Norse origin throughout much of the region. Its weakness is that the place name evidence is from a relatively late date and the nature of this transition remains controversial. Genetic studies show that Shetlanders have almost identical proportions of Scandinavian matrilineal and patrilineal ancestry, suggesting that the islands were settled by both men and women in equal measure. Note 2The pagan reaction hypothesis proposed by Bjorn Mhyre suggests a long tradition of mobility amongst the various populations of the North Atlantic seaboard and that the expansion of Christian missions resulted in ethnic tensions that led to or exacerbated Viking expansion. The Russian Post Offices in the Chinese Empire Part III December 13, 2013 You are invited to participate. VIEWING Visite des lots Anzeige Geneva Genve.