History of fluid mechanics Wikipedia. The history of fluid mechanics, the study of how fluids move and the forces on them, dates back to the Ancient Greeks. AntiquityeditPre historyeditA pragmatic, if not scientific, knowledge of fluid flow was exhibited by ancient civilizations, such as in the design of arrows, spears, boats, and particularly hydraulic engineering projects for flood protection, irrigation, drainage, and water supply. The earliest human civilizations began near the shores of rivers, and consequently coincided with the dawn of hydrology, hydraulics, and hydraulic engineering. Archimedesedit. The forces at work in buoyancy as discovered by Archimedes. Note that the object is floating because the upward force of buoyancy is equal to the downward force of gravity. Engineering Mechanics Dynamics Fifth Edition Solutions' title='Engineering Mechanics Dynamics Fifth Edition Solutions' />The fundamental principles of hydrostatics and dynamics were given by Archimedes in his work On Floating Bodies, around 2. BC. In it, Archimedes develops the law of buoyancy, also known as Archimedes Principle. This principle states that a body immersed in a fluid experiences a buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces. Archimedes maintained that each particle of a fluid mass, when in equilibrium, is equally pressed in every direction and he inquired into the conditions according to which a solid body floating in a fluid should assume and preserve a position of equilibrium. The Alexandrian schooleditIn the Greek school at Alexandria, which flourished under the auspices of the Ptolemies, attempts were made at the construction of hydraulic machinery, and about 1. BC the fountain of compression, the siphon, and the forcing pump were invented by Ctesibius and Hero. The siphon is a simple instrument but the forcing pump is a complicated invention, which could scarcely have been expected in the infancy of hydraulics. Investments Bodie Kane Marcus 9th Edition Solutions Manual Chapter 2 Asset Classes and Financial Instruments Chapter 3 How Securities are Traded Chapter 4 Mutual. Title StochAstic Models Methods and Applications SAMMA 2017 Organizer Tuan PhungDuc, Division of Policy and Planning Sciences, Faculty of Engineering. It was probably suggested to Ctesibius by the Egyptian wheel or Noria, which was common at that time, and which was a kind of chain pump, consisting of a number of earthen pots carried round by a wheel. 0.5 Joule Softair. In some of these machines the pots have a valve in the bottom which enables them to descend without much resistance, and diminishes greatly the load upon the wheel and, if we suppose that this valve was introduced so early as the time of Ctesibius, it is not difficult to perceive how such a machine might have led to the invention of the forcing pump. Sextus Julius FrontinuseditNotwithstanding these inventions of the Alexandrian school, its attention does not seem to have been directed to the motion of fluids and the first attempt to investigate this subject was made by Sextus Julius Frontinus, inspector of the public fountains at Rome in the reigns of Nerva and Trajan. In his work De aquaeductibus urbis Romae commentaries, he considers the methods which were at that time employed for ascertaining the quantity of water discharged from ajutages tubes, and the mode of distributing the waters of an aqueduct or a fountain. The history of fluid mechanics, the study of how fluids move and the forces on them, dates back to the Ancient Greeks. He remarked that the flow of water from an orifice depends not only on the magnitude of the orifice itself, but also on the height of the water in the reservoir and that a pipe employed to carry off a portion of water from an aqueduct should, as circumstances required, have a position more or less inclined to the original direction of the current. But as he was unacquainted with the law of the velocities of running water as depending upon the depth of the orifice, the want of precision which appears in his results is not surprising. Middle AgeseditIslamicate physicistseditIslamicate scientists, particularly Abu Rayhan Biruni 9. Al Khazini fl. 1. They applied the mathematical theories of ratios and infinitesimal techniques, and introduced algebraic and fine calculation techniques into the field of fluid statics. In fluid statics, Biruni discovered that there is a correlation between the specific gravity of an object and the volume of water it displaces. He also introduced the method of checking tests during experiments and measured the weights of various liquids. He also recorded the differences in weight between freshwater and saline water, and between hot water and cold water. During his experiments on fluid mechanics, Biruni invented the conical measure,4 in order to find the ratio between the weight of a substance in air and the weight of water displaced. Al Khazini, in The Book of the Balance of Wisdom 1. Islamicate engineerseditIn the 9th century, Ban Ms brothers Book of Ingenious Devices described a number of early automatic controls in fluid mechanics. Two step level controls for fluids, an early form of discontinuous variable structure controls, was developed by the Banu Musa brothers. They also described an early feedback controller for fluids. According to Donald Routledge Hill, the Banu Musa brothers were masters in the exploitation of small variations in hydrostatic pressures and in using conical valves as in line components in flow systems, the first known use of conical valves as automatic controllers. They also described the use of other valves, including a plug valve,89float valve8 and tap. The Banu Musa also developed an early fail safe system where one can withdraw small quantities of liquid repeatedly, but if one withdraws a large quantity, no further extractions are possible. The double concentric siphon and the funnel with bent end for pouring in different liquids, neither of which appear in any earlier Greek works, were also original inventions by the Banu Musa brothers. Some of the other mechanisms they described include a float chamber6 and an early differential pressure. In 1. 20. 6, Al Jazaris Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices described many hydraulic machines. Of particular importance were his water raising pumps. The first known use of a crankshaft in a chain pump was in one of al Jazaris saqiya machines. The concept of minimizing intermittent working is also first implied in one of al Jazaris saqiya chain pumps, which was for the purpose of maximising the efficiency of the saqiya chain pump. Al Jazari also invented a twin cylinderreciprocatingpiston suction pump, which included the first suction pipes, suction pumping, double action pumping, and made early uses of valves and a crankshaft connecting rod mechanism. This pump is remarkable for three reasons the first known use of a true suction pipe which sucks fluids into a partial vacuum in a pump, the first application of the double acting principle, and the conversion of rotary to reciprocating motion, via the crankshaft connecting rod mechanism. Seventeenth and eighteenth centurieseditCastelli and TorricellieditBenedetto Castelli, and Evangelista Torricelli, two of the disciples of Galileo, applied the discoveries of their master to the science of hydrodynamics. In 1. 62. 8 Castelli published a small work, Della misura dell acque correnti, in which he satisfactorily explained several phenomena in the motion of fluids in rivers and canals but he committed a great paralogism in supposing the velocity of the water proportional to the depth of the orifice below the surface of the vessel.