Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Two sides of a stone hand axe Spain 3. A group of typical hand axes. Later Palaeolithic blades made by Homo sapiens. Encarta Encyclopedia 2002 GmcF. G. Experimental Laboratory Switzerland Journey Into A Dream 1975 Synthetic Music For Church 1976 S Hope 1980 7693 1993 recorded in 1976 1993. Get information, facts, and pictures about United Arab Emirates at Encyclopedia. Make research projects and school reports about United Arab Emirates easy with. The Palaeolithic, or Paleolithic,1 refers to the prehistoric period when stone tools were made by humans. They are found in the Great Rift Valley of Africa from about 3. They were probably made by Australopithecines. They are found in Europe somewhat later, from about 1 mya 0. Britain. The Palaeolithic is by far the longest period of humanitys time, about 9. The geological period which corresponds to the Palaeolithic is the Pleistocene. Stone tools were not only made by our own species, Homo sapiens. They were made by all previous members of the genus, starting with relatively crude tools made by Homo habilis and Homo erectus. In Europe, the large brained Neanderthal Man Homo neanderthalensis made tools of high quality, and was in turn outshone by the many tools made by our own species. These tools are the first cultural products which have survived. The Palaeolithic dates from about 2. BC with the Mesolithic in Western Europe, and with the Epipaleolithic in warmer climates such as Africa. The Palaeolithic age began when hominids early humans started to use stones as tools for bashing, cutting and scraping. The age ended when humans began to make small, fine tools Mesolithic and finally when plant crops and have other types of agriculture Neolithic. In some areas, such as Western Europe, the way that people lived was affected by the Ice age. The move towards agriculture started in the Middle East. During the Palaeolithic Age humans grouped together in small bands. They lived by gathering plants and hunting wild animals. As well as using stone tools, they used tools of wood and bone. They probably also used leather and vegetable fibers but these have not lasted from that time. An Oldowan pebble tool, the most basic of human stone tools. The Oldowan is the archaeological term used to refer to the stone tool industry that was used by hominids during the earliest Palaeolithic period. For a long time it was thought that the Oldowan was the earliest stone tool industry in prehistory, from 2. It was followed by the more sophisticated Acheulean industry. Oldowan tools were therefore the earliest tools in human history, and mark the beginning of the archaeological record. The term Oldowan is taken from the site of Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, where the first Oldowan tools were discovered by the archaeologist Louis Leakey in the 1. Now it is realised that stone tools were used much earlier 3. Homo had evolved. It is not known for sure which species actually created and used Oldowan tools. It reached its peak with early species of Homo such as H. H. ergaster. Early Homo erectus appears to inherit Oldowan technology and refines it into the Acheulean industry beginning 1. Oldowan tools are sometimes called pebble tools, so named because the blanks chosen for their production already resemble, in pebble form, the final product. Oldowan tools are sometimes subdivided into types, such as chopper, scrapers and pounders, as these seem to be their main uses. Acheulean is the industry of stone tool manufacture by early humans of the Lower Palaeolithic era in Africa and much of West Asia and Europe. Acheulean tools are typically found with Homo erectus remains. They are first developed out of the more primitive Oldowan technology some 1. Homo habilis. It was the dominant technology for most of human history. More than a million years ago Acheulean tool users left Africa to colonize Eurasia. Their oval and pear shaped hand axes have been found over a wide area. Some examples were finely made. Although it developed in Africa, the industry is named after the type site of Saint Acheul, now a suburb of Amiens in northern France where some of the first examples were found in the 1. John Frere was the first to suggest in writing a very ancient date for Acheulean hand axes. In 1. 79. 7 he sent two examples to the Royal Academy in London from Hoxne in Suffolk. He had found them in prehistoric lake deposits along with the bones of extinct animals and concluded that they were made by people who had not the use of metals and that they belonged to a very ancient period indeed, even beyond the present world. His ideas were ignored by his contemporaries however, who held a pre Darwinian view of human evolution. An Acheulean handaxe from Zamora. Radiometric dating, often potassium argon dating, of deposits containing Acheulean material is able to broadly place Acheulean techniques from around 1. The earliest accepted examples of the type, at 1. West Turkana region of Kenya8. Some think their origin might be as early as 1. In individual regions, this dating can be considerably refined in Europe for example, Acheulean methods did not reach the continent until around 4. Numerical dates can be misleading however, and it is common to associate examples of this early human tool industry with one or more glacial or interglacial periods or with a particular early species of human. The earliest user of Acheulean tools was Homo ergaster who first appeared about 1. Some researchers prefer to call these users early Homo erectus. Team Fortress 2 Key Generator 2013 on this page. Later forms of early humans also used Acheulean techniques and are described below. There is considerable time overlap in early prehistoric stone working industries. In some regions Acheulean tool using groups were contemporary with other, less sophisticated industries such as the Clactonian. Then, later, Acheulean tools occur at the same time as the more sophisticated Mousterian. The Acheulean was not a neatly defined period, but a tool making technique which flourished especially well in early prehistory. Acheulean was a basic method for making stone tools which was shared across much of the Old World. A huge Clactonian core made of quartzite. Quite small flakes would be struck off it. The Clactonian is an industry of European flint tool manufacture that dates to the early part of the interglacial period 4. Clactonian tools were made by Homo erectus rather than modern humans. Early, crude flint tools from other regions using similar methods are called either Clactonian or core flake technology. The Clactonian is named after finds made at Clacton on Sea in the English county of Essex in 1. The artefacts found there included flint chopping tools, flint flakes and the tip of a worked wooden shaft along with the remains of a giant elephant and hippopotamus. Further examples of the tools have been found at sites in Swanscombe, Kent, and Barnham in Suffolk similar industries have been identified across Northern Europe. The Clactonian industry involved striking thick, irregular flakes from a core of flint, which was then employed as a chopper. The flakes would have been used as crude knives or scrapers. Unlike the Oldowan tools from which Clactonian ones derived, some were notched implying that they were attached to a handle or shaft. The Clactonian industry may have co existed with the Acheulean industry which used handaxes. However, in 2. 00. Pleistoceneelephant near Dartford, Kent. Archaeologists recovered numerous Clactonian flint tools, but no handaxes. Since handaxes would be more useful than choppers to dismember an elephant carcass, this is evidence of the Clactonian being a separate industry. Encyclopedia Wikipedia. Title page of Lucubrationes. An encyclopedia or encyclopaedia is a reference work or compendium providing summaries of information from either all branches of knowledge or from a particular field or discipline. Encyclopedias are divided into articles or entries that are often arranged alphabetically by article name2 and sometimes by thematic categories. Encyclopedia entries are longer and more detailed than those in most dictionaries. Generally speaking, unlike dictionary entries which focus on linguistic information about words, such as their meaning, pronunciation, use, and grammatical forms, encyclopedia articles focus on factual information concerning the subject named in the articles title. Encyclopedias have existed for around 2,0. As a valued source of reliable information compiled by experts, printed versions found a prominent place in libraries, schools and other educational institutions. The appearance of digital and open source versions in the 2. Etymology. Indeed, the purpose of an encyclopedia is to collect knowledge disseminated around the globe to set forth its general system to the men with whom we live, and transmit it to those who will come after us, so that the work of preceding centuries will not become useless to the centuries to come and so that our offspring, becoming better instructed, will at the same time become more virtuous and happy, and that we should not die without having rendered a service to the human race in the future years to come. Diderot7The word encyclopedia comes from the Koine Greek ,8 transliterated enkyklios paideia, meaning general education from enkyklios, meaning circular, recurrent, required regularly, general9 and paideia, meaning education, rearing of a child 1. Latin manuscripts. Together, the phrase literally translates as complete instruction or complete knowledge. Copyists of Latin manuscripts took this phrase to be a single Greek word, enkyklopaidia, with the same meaning, and this spurious Greek word became the New Latin word encyclopaedia, which in turn came into English. Though the notion of a compendium of knowledge dates back thousands of years, the term was first used in the title of a book in 1. Johannes Aventinus Encyclopedia orbisque doctrinarum, hoc est omnium artium, scientiarum, ipsius philosophiae index ac divisio, and in 1. Joachimus Fortius Ringelbergius, Lucubrationes vel potius absolutissima kyklopaideia. Title page of Skalichs. Encyclopaedia, seu orbis disciplinarum, tam sacrarum quam prophanarum, epistemon from 1. The word encyclopaedia was first used as a noun in the title of his book by the Croatian encyclopedist Pavao Skali in his Encyclopaedia seu orbis disciplinarum tam sacrarum quam prophanarum epistemon Encyclopaedia, or Knowledge of the World of Disciplines, Basel, 1. One of the oldest vernacular uses was by Franois Rabelais in his Pantagruel in 1. Several encyclopedias have names that include the suffix paedia, e. Banglapedia on matters relevant for Bangladesh. Today in English, the word is most commonly spelled encyclopedia, though encyclopaedia from encyclopdia is also used in Britain. Characteristics. The modern encyclopedia was developed from the dictionary in the 1. Historically, both encyclopedias and dictionaries have been researched and written by well educated, well informed content experts, but they are significantly different in structure. A dictionary is a linguistic work which primarily focuses on alphabetical listing of words and their definitions. Synonymous words and those related by the subject matter are to be found scattered around the dictionary, giving no obvious place for in depth treatment. Tony Antonio Gamefarm. Thus, a dictionary typically provides limited information, analysis or background for the word defined. While it may offer a definition, it may leave the reader lacking in understanding the meaning, significance or limitations of a term, and how the term relates to a broader field of knowledge. An encyclopedia is, theoretically, not written in order to convince, although one of its goals is indeed to convince its reader of its own veracity. To address those needs, an encyclopedia article is typically not limited to simple definitions, and is not limited to defining an individual word, but provides a more extensive meaning for a subject or discipline. In addition to defining and listing synonymous terms for the topic, the article is able to treat the topics more extensive meaning in more depth and convey the most relevant accumulated knowledge on that subject. An encyclopedia article also often includes many maps and illustrations, as well as bibliography and statistics. Four major elements define an encyclopedia its subject matter, its scope, its method of organization, and its method of production Encyclopedias can be general, containing articles on topics in every field the English language Encyclopdia Britannica and German Brockhaus are well known examples. General encyclopedias may contain guides on how to do a variety of things, as well as embedded dictionaries and gazetteers. There are also encyclopedias that cover a wide variety of topics from a particular cultural, ethnic, or national perspective, such as the Great Soviet Encyclopedia or Encyclopaedia Judaica. Works of encyclopedic scope aim to convey the important accumulated knowledge for their subject domain, such as an encyclopedia of medicine, philosophy, or law. Works vary in the breadth of material and the depth of discussion, depending on the target audience. Some systematic method of organization is essential to making an encyclopedia usable for reference. There have historically been two main methods of organizing printed encyclopedias the alphabetical method consisting of a number of separate articles, organized in alphabetical order and organization by hierarchical categories. The former method is today the more common, especially for general works. The fluidity of electronic media, however, allows new possibilities for multiple methods of organization of the same content. Further, electronic media offer new capabilities for search, indexing and cross reference. The epigraph from Horace on the title page of the 1. Encyclopdie suggests the importance of the structure of an encyclopedia What grace may be added to commonplace matters by the power of order and connection. As modern multimedia and the information age have evolved, new methods have emerged for the collection, verification, summation, and presentation of information of all kinds. Projects such as Everything. Encarta, h. 2g. 2, and Wikipedia are examples of new forms of the encyclopedia as information retrieval becomes simpler. The method of production for an encyclopedia historically has been supported in both for profit and non profit contexts. The Great Soviet Encyclopedia mentioned above was entirely state sponsored, while the Britannica was supported as a for profit institution. Half Life Source Content Gmod Mediafire here. By comparison, Wikipedia is supported by volunteers contributing in a non profit environment under the organization of the Wikimedia Foundation. Some works entitled dictionaries are actually similar to encyclopedias, especially those concerned with a particular field such as the Dictionary of the Middle Ages, the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, and Blacks Law Dictionary.